First election to the Parliament of Catalonia under this Statute gave the Catalan presidency to Jordi Pujol, a position he would hold until 2003. Pro-independence organizations have urged citizens in the region to protest the ruling. By the late 1950s the region had recovered its pre-war economic levels and in the 1960s was the second fastest growing economy in the world in what became known as the Spanish miracle. [86] According to the CEO opinion poll from July 2016, 47.7% of Catalans would vote for independence and 42.4% against it while, about the question of preferences, according to the CEO opinion poll from March 2016, a 57.2 claim to be "absolutely" or "fairly" in favour of independence. [52] He was the first President of Catalonia to refuse to take the oath of loyalty to the Spanish constitution and the Spanish monarch. The Catalan capital and largest city, Barcelona, is a major international cultural centre and a major tourist destination. The hydrographic network can be divided in two sectors, an occidental slope or Ebro river slope and one oriental slope constituted by minor rivers that flow to the Mediterranean along the Catalan coast. In November 2003, elections to the Parliament of Catalonia gave the government to a left-wing catalanist coalition formed by the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC-PSOE), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV), and the socialist Pasqual Maragall was appointed president. Closely linked with the Catalan pictorial atmosphere, Pablo Picasso lived in Barcelona during his youth, training them as an artist and creating the movement of cubism. The traditional figurines often included are the three wise men on camels or horses, which are moved every day or so to go closer to the manger, a star with a long tail in the background to lead people to the spot, the annunciation with shepherds having a meal and an angel appearing (hanging from something), a washer lady washing clothes in the pond, sheep, ducks, people carrying packages on their backs, a donkey driver with a load of twigs, and atrezzo such as a starry sky, miniature towns placed in the distance, either Oriental-styled or local-looking, a bridge over the river, trees, etc. [32], Learn how and when to remove this template message, Grand Prior of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Abbot of Santa Maria de la Real of Perpignan (, commander of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Francesc Antoni de Solanell i de Montella, "Història de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents", "Presidències i presidents de la Generalitat de Catalunya", "Real Decreto 2596/1977, de 17 de octubre, por el que se nombra a don Josep Tarradellas Joan Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña", "Real Decreto 774/1980, de 28 de abril, por el que dispone el cese en sus funciones como Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña de don Josep Tarradellas Joan", "Real Decreto 775/1980, de 28 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Jordi Pujol i Soley", "Real Decreto 1117/1984, de 12 de junio, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Jordi Pujol i Soley", "Real Decreto 674/1988, de 29 de junio, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Jordi Pujol i Soley", "Real Decreto 361/1992, de 10 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Jordi Pujol i Soley", "Real Decreto 2022/1995, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Jordi Pujol i Soley", "Real Decreto 1784/1999, de 23 de noviembre, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Jordi Pujol i Soley", "Real Decreto 1737/2003, de 17 de diciembre, por el que se declara el cese de don Jordi Pujol i Soley como Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña", "Real Decreto 1738/2003, de 17 de diciembre, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña a don Pasqual Maragall i Mira", "Real Decreto 1402/2006, de 27 de noviembre, por el que se declara el cese de don Pasqual Maragall i Mira como Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña", "Real Decreto 1403/2006, de 27 de noviembre, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña a don José Montilla Aguilera", "Real Decreto 1776/2010, de 24 de diciembre, por el que se declara el cese de don José Montilla Aguilera como Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña", "Real Decreto 1777/2010, de 24 de diciembre, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña a don Artur Mas i Gavarró", "Real Decreto 1713/2012, de 21 de diciembre, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña a don Artur Mas i Gavarró", "Real Decreto 12/2016, de 11 de enero, por el que se declara el cese de don Artur Mas i Gavarró como Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña", "Real Decreto 13/2016, de 11 de enero, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña a don Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó", "Real Decreto 942/2017, de 27 de octubre, por el que se dispone, en virtud de las medidas autorizadas con fecha 27 de octubre de 2017 por el Pleno del Senado respecto de la Generalitat de Cataluña en aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución, el cese del M.H. Two major factors were Spain's Constitutional Court's 2010 decision to declare part of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia unconstitutional, as well as the fact that Catalonia contributes 19.49% of the central government's tax revenue, but only receives 14.03% of central government's spending. Despite the ban during the first years and the difficulties of the next period, publishing in Catalan continued throughout his rule.[49]. [110] That year, the GDP growth was 2.3%. In hundreds of non-binding local referendums on independence, organised across Catalonia from 13 September 2009, a large majority voted for independence, although critics argued that the polls were mostly held in pro-independence areas. After education in Amer and Girona, he became a journalist in 1982, writing for various local publications and becoming editor-in-chief of El Punt. Laws had to be approved in the General Court of Catalonia, one of the first parliamentary bodies of Europe that banned the royal power to create legislation unilaterally (since 1283). From the 2017 independence referendum until the end of 2018, for example, Catalonia lost 5454 companies to other parts of Spain (mainly Madrid), 2359 only in 2018, gaining 467 new ones from the rest of the country during 2018. Sport has a distinct importance in Catalan life and culture since the beginning of the 20th century and consequently, has a well developed sport infrastructure. Lately, a similar sociolinguistic phenomenon has occurred with foreign immigration. Recomptes. The official opening between Barcelona and Madrid took place 20 February 2008. Faced with this problems, Catalan authorities initiated several measures whose purpose is to protect natural ecosystems. To this day it remains one of the most industrialised areas of Spain. One of the most astonishing and sui-generis figurines traditionally placed in the nativity scene, to the great glee of children, is the caganer, a person depicted in the act of defecating. Public-own roads in Catalonia are either managed by the autonomous government of Catalonia (e.g.,  C-  roads) or the Spanish government (e.g.,  AP- ,  A- ,  N-  roads). Citizens, currently the main opposition party, has been one of the most consistent critics of the Catalan language policy within Catalonia. The Pyrenean peaks have a continental (Köppen D) or even Alpine climate (Köppen ET) at the highest summits, while the valleys have a maritime or oceanic climate sub-type (Köppen Cfb). The other languages with official status are Spanish, which has official status throughout Spain, and Aranese Occitan, which enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish in the Val d'Aran. In 1938 Franco's troops broke the Republican territory in two, isolating Catalonia from the rest of the Republic. Area 12,390 square miles (32,091 square km). [81] Other polls have shown lower support for independence, ranging from 40 to 49%. The Executive Council (in Catalan: Consell Executiu) or Government (Govern), is the body responsible of the government of the Generalitat, it holds executive and regulatory power. [69][70] Almost immediately the Senate of Spain invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the Catalan government and imposing direct rule on Catalonia. Other large species such as the bear have been recently reintroduced. On 1 November 2012, Catalonia started charging a tourist tax. [2][3][4] The most recent stable version of the list dates from 2003, by Josep M. Solé i Sabaté in his work Historia de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents. Catalan actors have shot for Spanish and international productions, such as Sergi López. Whatsapp At the end of the 9th century, the Count of Barcelona Wilfred the Hairy made his title hereditary and founded the dynasty of the House of Barcelona, which ruled Catalonia until 1410. Others dishes include the calçotada, escudella i carn d'olla, suquet de peix (fish stew), and a dessert, Catalan cream. This is every important in Catalonia and the Catalan-speaking areas, and families go to watch major parades on the eve of the Epiphany, where they can greet the kings and watch them pass by in pomp and circumstance, on floats and preceded and followed by pages, musicians, dancers, etc. 71 | Senate Office of International Relations", Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia), White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia, Initiation of the Process of Independence, Law on the Referendum on Self-determination, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalonia&oldid=981629009, NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union, Regions of Europe with multiple official languages, States and territories established in 1932, States and territories established in 1979, Articles with dead external links from January 2014, Articles with Catalan-language sources (ca), Articles with dead external links from August 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles that may be too long from January 2020, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2020, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2020, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type, Articles containing Catalan-language text, Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2018, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Miguel Vidal, finding serious shortcomings with earlier proposals (such as that an original -, The Pyrenees: mountainous formation that connects the Iberian Peninsula with the. 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