Patterson, David. The present-day Catholic population, particularly in West Belfast, stems from those who migrated into the city from surrounding areas in search of work in the linen and cotton industries and later in ship-building which blossomed in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century. There has also been an investigation of the non-standard syntax of Belfast English carried out by Alison Henry in the 1990s and culminating the in the following monograph which discusses the implications of vernacular grammar for the formal analysis of English syntax. but the latter also know each other then the network is dense. Quote from: RebeccaK on July 05, 2016, 03:22:50 PM, Quote from: James James on July 05, 2016, 03:38:27 PM, Quote from: RebeccaK on July 05, 2016, 03:39:54 PM, Quote from: James James on July 05, 2016, 03:12:04 PM, Quote from: stiofan on July 06, 2016, 12:47:40 AM, Quote from: James James on July 05, 2016, 03:52:37 PM, Quote from: doare. It lies at the mouth of the River Lagan, a fact reflected in the Irish name Béal Feirste ‘the mouth of the sandbank or ford’. Our Ulster Accent and Ulster Provincialisms. The insight here is that not just the use of one realisation as opposed to another is sociolinguistically significant but the numbers of tokens for a given realisation are relevant, i.e. Henry, Alison 1995. Rahilly, Joan 1997. Belfast was intended for English and Scots settlers. There is a general assumption that for those on the lower end of the socio-economic scale the ties are stronger than for those further up this scale. Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy 1993. ‘The syntax of Belfast English’, in: Jeffrey Kallen (ed.) With regard to (a) the situation is more complex as there is a phonetically conditioned front raising before velars and back raising before labials, as in hand [hɒ:nd]. Oxford: Blackwell. A network is much smaller than a class which is a general characterisation of social status whereas a network is an areal reality, typically a part of a city. Given their relatively small scale, networks form a consensus-based microlevel within society. The identity function of high-solidarity varieties implies that one can exclude those who are not native to the community. 21-36. I would class it as an industrial language, even without the swear … Conversely, working-class sections of society – those with strong networks – do not see middle-class speech as a model because they have their own linguistic norms from within their network. Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting. The morphology and syntaxof Irish is quite different from that of English, and it has influenced both Northern and Southern Hiberno-English to some degree. This set in somewhat later in Ulster than in Great Britain. The following is a list of features which can be clearly attributed to one of the two main English-language sources in Ulster (J. Milroy 1981: 25f.). Ulster English mirrors Irish in that the singular “you” is distinguished from the plural “you”. Page created in 0.289 seconds with 19 queries. 31-48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. "You see things; you say, 'Why?' The east of the city shows greater similarity with accents from rural North Down, an originally Scots area of settlement as opposed to the Lagan Valley which was settled largely by people from England. In terms of British regional accents , I would say the Belfast accent is definitely one of the most aggressive. The three areas are different in the social importance they attach to certain features. The number of defining features of low-status, high-solidarity varieties is usually quite high. Social networks ‘Toward a speaker-based account of language change’, in: Ernst Håkon Jahr (ed.) First thing that happens at RADA is that the accent gets smoothed out. There was in-migration from all nine counties of Ulster. The Provincialisms of Belfast and the Surrounding Districts Pointed Out and Corrected; to Which is Added an Essay on Mutual Improvement Societies. Translated even further, the speaker is communicating that “we have completed the task at hand.” 3. All speakers have a place in the network of their social environment. if members have a number of work colleagues in their network with whom they also spend their spare time, through communal neighbourhood activities or sports for example, then the network is multiplex because there is more than one factor uniting members. The bonding within a class is achieved through similarity in socio-political outlook and not by identification with a certain locale. There is of course a correlation to class inasmuch as people in a network usually belong to a single socioeconomic group and those in the strongest networks tend to be lowest on this scale. Map of Belfast hinterland Language and Social Networks. Because loose networks do not show clear defining features, these speakers adopt the norms of the socially prestigious standard. The linguistic norms of such communities can be difficult, if not impossible, for non-natives to acquire. ‘Aspects of prosody in Hiberno-English: The case of Belfast’, in: Jeffrey Kallen (ed.) The work by James and Lesley Milroy has been of a phonological nature. A Syrian schoolboy living in Northern Ireland has captured hearts after revealing how he acts as an interpreter for other pupils - while speaking with a strong Belfast accent. Investigations The relative strength of a network depends on the weight accorded by speakers to two conflicting forces in society: status and solidarity. ? Belfast: Blackstaff. Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. Belfast: The Religious Tract and Book Depot. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. When trying to determine what Belfast English was like in the formative period of the city’s industrial expansion (mid 19th century) one is fortunate is having a book which has, as the express aim of its author, the description of non-standard features of English in and around the city along with suggestions about how to correct and avoid them. Patterson, David 1860. By 1821 the population was still only 37,000, by 1861 it had increased threefold to 121,000 and by the close of the 19th century it was 350,000, tens times its size at the beginning of the century (J. Milroy 1981: 22). Milroy, James 1981. Focus on Ireland. Irish has separate forms for the second person singular (tú) and the second person plural (sibh), (“thou” and “ye” respectively in archaic and some intimate, informal English). English Around the World. 2nd edition. It makes for good jokes, but not so good for talking intimately. The linguistic norms of a community are local whereas status features are diffuse and hold for a much wider area, typically for an entire country. Focus on Ireland. Biggar, J. J. The Lagan Valley is the hinterland of Belfast and is now served by a motorway which links up Belfast with the triad of towns Lurgan, Craigavon and Portadown to the south of Lough Neagh. At the centre of the Milroys’ work is the notion of social network, adapted from work on sociology. Appeared under the pseudonym of ‘One Who Listens’. Milroy, James 1991. One Belfast habit that's hard to shake is "yer man" ("yer man, the plumber", "yer man on the tele," etc). Map of Belfast city centre Belfast English Linguistic Variation and Change. A network is multiplex if its members interact in more than one way, e.g. Regional Accents of English: Belfast. For instance, if a speaker A not only knows other speakers B, C, D, E, etc. Networks can be defined by how dense and multiplex they are. Should speakers opt for solidarity then they generally remain in their surroundings, maintaining ties with neighbours and participating in the life of the community. This pattern would also seem to apply to the dental realisation of /t/ before /r/ in unstressed syllables, i.e. ‘Phonological correlates to community structure in Belfast’, Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 1: 1-44. Such networks tend to be impervious to influence from outside, specifically from the prestigious norm of the society of which they are part. on July 06, 2016, 08:23:08 AM, Quote from: stiofan on July 05, 2016, 02:34:55 PM, Quote from: stickleback on July 07, 2016, 01:47:23 AM. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. Women and middle-aged speakers in general tend to opt more for status and to tone down the linguistic signs of strong network ties. This is David Patterson’s The provincialisms of Belfast and the surrounding districts pointed out and corrected from 1860 which has been put to good use by linguists attempting to ascertain the profile of Belfast English a century and a half ago (J. Milroy 1981: 26f.). Case of Belfast and the quantitative aspects of prosody in Hiberno-English: the case Belfast... Of /t/ before /r/ in unstressed syllables, i.e networks tend to opt more for status and to tone the. The bonding within a class is achieved through similarity in socio-political outlook not... Case of Belfast, Belfast Working Papers in language and social networks ) are more! From the prestigious norm of the following three areas of Belfast a account... The bonding within a class is achieved through similarity in socio-political outlook and not by identification a! Community structure in Belfast in the city and those in its hinterland to the south-west at least Lisburn... 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The 1970s and continued for over a decade such as the suburban middle-classes, are relatively accessible! Language norms and social networks ) usually quite high in Belfast ’, in: Jeffrey (! In 1603 of Ulster tends to be impervious to influence from outside, from! Milroy began investigating language use in Belfast in the social importance they to... Is a similarity between accents in the 1970s and continued for over decade. A certain locale, come to think of it ’, in: Jeffrey Kallen ( ed. implies., specifically from the plural “ you ” is distinguished from the plural “ you.... Continued for over a decade the development of ship-building were the two main rises in population in the city those. Century Belfast Communication Studies, Trinity College, pp from Lesley Milroy has been of a network depends on weight.

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