Golombek wrote, "The word 'stalemate' has been taken into the English language to mean (wrongly) a temporary state of impasse." This rule change would cause a greater emphasis on material; an extra pawn would be a greater advantage than it is today. putting White in zugzwang. Laws of Chess / Laws of Chess: For competitions starting before 1 July 2014", "FIDE Handbook E. Miscellaneous / 01. The fastest known game ending in a double stalemate position was discovered by Enzo Minerva and published in the Italian newspaper l'Unità on 14 August 2007: 1.c4 d5 2.Qb3 Bh3 3.gxh3 f5 4.Qxb7 Kf7 5.Qxa7 Kg6 6.f3 c5 7.Qxe7 Rxa2 8.Kf2 Rxb2 9.Qxg7+ Kh5 10.Qxg8 Rxb1 11.Rxb1 Kh4 12.Qxh8 h5 13.Qh6 Bxh6 14.Rxb8 Be3+ 15.dxe3 Qxb8 16.Kg2 Qf4 17.exf4 d4 18.Be3 dxe3.[18]. This would normally be a decisive material advantage, but Black could find no way to make progress because of various stalemate resources available to White. The fifty-move rule was about to come into effect, under which Carlsen could claim a draw. The outcome of a stalemate was standardized as a draw in the 19th century. Concerning chess, below are some examples of this from actual play. An example is the "White to Play and Draw" study at right, composed by the American master Frederick Rhine[15] and published in 2006 (Benko 2006:49). 72.Ke4 Qc6+! The definition of stalemate in chess is the following: Stalemate is a special type of draw. At left and at right are double stalemate positions, in which neither side has a legal move. Otherwise, the offer or claim is nullified and the game continues; the draw offer is no longer in effect. (Any other move by Black loses. Loyd also demonstrated that stalemate can occur with all the pieces on the board: 1.d4 d6 2.Qd2 e5 3.a4 e4 4.Qf4 f5 5.h3 Be7 6.Qh2 Be6 7.Ra3 c5 8.Rg3 Qa5+ 9.Nd2 Bh4 10.f3 Bb3 11.d5 e3 12.c4 f4 (diagram at right). Ethical considerations may make a draw uncustomary in situations where at least one player has a reasonable chance of winning. Gelfand played 68. d5 instead, but still only drew. Incredibly, the possibility of stalemate allows White, three pieces down, to draw. In other words, a draw is claimable if the opponent is merely attempting to win on time, or cannot possibly win except on time. Law 6.9 of the. [citation needed], This 2007 game, Magnus Carlsen–Loek van Wely, ended in stalemate. (White's bishop is useless; it cannot defend the queening square at a8 nor attack the black pawn on the light a4-square. Nxc4 6. Now the players agreed to a draw, since 84...Kxb3 or 84...Rxb3 is stalemate, as is 84...Ra8 85.Rxc3+! Draw by dead position. Chess writers note that this usage is a misnomer because, unlike in chess, the situation is often a temporary one that is ultimately resolved, even if it seems currently intractable (Golombek 1977:304) (Soltis 1978:54).[30][31][32][33]. In early tournaments, draws were often replayed until one of the players won, however this was found to be impractical and caused organizational difficulties. A stalemate is an automatic draw, as is a draw because of insufficient material to checkmate. White played 4.Rc5+ instead, and the game was drawn several moves later (Minev 2004:22). Sam Loyd devised one just ten moves long: 1.e3 a5 2.Qh5 Ra6 3.Qxa5 h5 4.Qxc7 Rah6 5.h4 f6 6.Qxd7+ Kf7 7.Qxb7 Qd3 8.Qxb8 Qh7 9.Qxc8 Kg6 10.Qe6 (diagram at left). No sequence of legal moves can lead to checkmate. a draw. Since then, a draw has normally been scored as a half point to each player. In zugzwang he has nothing pleasant to do. Problemists have also tried to construct the shortest possible game ending in stalemate. For instance, under that criterion the rook and bishop versus rook endgame is usually a theoretical draw or "book draw", but the side with the bishop often wins in practice. A minority of tournaments use a different scoring scheme, such as "football scoring" where 3 points are awarded to the winner and 1 point to each in the event of a draw. The offer of a draw should be recorded by each player in their score sheet using the symbol (=) as per Appendix C.12 of FIDE Laws of Chess. You can see why Black is happy about this situation. It is White's turn to move, and the king is not in check, and notice how none of the white pawns can move! Throughout history, such a stalemate has at various times been: Periodically, writers have argued that stalemate should again be made a win for the side causing the stalemate. Play went: Now if 2...Rh2+ 3.Kf3! 1... Bxe5 After 1...Kb5? Not 5.Rxb2+? The Paris tournament of 1867 had so many drawn games to be replayed that it caused organisational problems. Although these are the laws as laid down by FIDE and, as such, are used at almost all top-level tournaments, at lower levels different rules may operate, particularly with regard to rapid play finish provisions. It can arise without one, as in the game Milan Matulović–Nikolay Minev (see first diagram). Gelfand has just played 67. (Murray 1913:229,267) This practice persisted in chess as played in early 15th-century Spain (Murray 1913:781). Stalemate is a situation in the game of chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move. During the endgame, stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than lose. Once a claim or draw offer has been made, it cannot be withdrawn. 3.Rxb2+ Nb3. Murray, p. 391 n. 47. [21] Around the 7th century, this game was adopted in the Middle East as shatranj with very similar rules to its predecessor; however, the stalemate rule was changed to its exact opposite: i.e. After 48...Qg6! If the white king heads towards the black pawn, the black king can move towards a8 and set up a fortress.) However, in a sudden death time control, if White can convince the arbiter before the time is up that Black is merely stalling to win on time, the game is nevertheless declared a draw.

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